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1. Introduction to Networking
a. basic concepts and terminology.
b. OSI reference model
2. Defining Networking
a. two or more connected computer systems define a network.
b. wired and wireless
c. LANs
d. WANs
3. Origins of Networking/Brief history
4. Why Do We Use Networks?
a. Increasing dependence on technology has increased the need for
networked devices.
b. People expect interoperability between electronic devices such as
TVs, VCRs, and stereos systems.
c. Networked devices share hardware and software. This is more
convenient and less expensive than standalone systems.
5. Networking Terminology
a. Connection Media
b. Client/Server Networks
1) Print servers
2) File servers
3) Database servers
4) Remote access servers (RAS)
5) Web servers
c. Peer-to-Peer
d. LAN, WAN, and MAN
1) Usually a LAN is local
2) MAN is citywide
3) WAN spans multiple geographic areas.
4) CAN (Campus Area Network) is sometimes used to describe
college networks
5) The term FAN (Family Area Network) is a relatively new term
describing a home with more than one computer networked
together.
e. NOS
g. NIC
h. Networking Hardware
i. Networking Software
6. Understanding the OSI Model
a. history
b. layers: physical, data link, network, transport, session,
presentation, application.
c. Most vendors agreed to support OSI. This made it easier to
implement a variety of networks.
7. Reasons for Layering
a. Simplifies networking by dividing it into less complex components
b. Enables programmers to specialize in a particular layer
c. Provides modularity which allows upgrades to a specific layer to
remain separate from the other layers
d. Encourages interoperability by promoting balance between different
networking models
e. Allows for standardized interfaces to be produced by vendors
8. Data Encapsulation
a. data encapsulation in terms of the OSI reference model.
b. Five steps of data encapsulation.
1) data conversion
2) segmentation
3) packet creation
4) frame
5) bit transmission
9. Layer Functions
a. Physical
1) Media and other physical characteristics of the hardware
2) Encoding
3) Signal transmission
4) Repeaters and hubs
b. Data Link
1) The frame which is the final formatting of the data before it
is sent
2) Access to the media
3) Flow control and error-free transmission
4) MAC address which is burned into the NIC card; 12-digit
hexadecimal number; aka physical address or hardware address
5) sublayers:
1. LLC sublayer
2. MAC sublayer
6) CSMA/CD which is the access method used on Ethernet networks
7) Bridging and switching
c. Network
1) Error handling
2) Software address (aka logical address)
3) Packets
4) Best path selection
5) Routing and routers
6) Example network protocols: IP and IPX
d. Transport
1) Point-to-point transmission
2) Error-free delivery and flow control
3) Segmentation for optimal packet size
4) Windowing and acknowledgements (ACKS) (discussed later)
5) Connection-oriented and connectionless transmission
6) Example transport protocols: TCP, UDP, and SPX
e. Session
1) Sets up the conversation; session setup and tear down
2) Control of data exchange for example full or half-duplex
3) Data synchronization
4) Transmission interruption and recovery
5) Example session protocols: SQL, RPC, X-Windows
f. Presentation
1) Prepares data from the application layer for transmission
2) Reformats incoming data
3) Formatting, translation, compression, and decompression
4) Encryption and decryption
5) Example presentation components: BMP, WAV, EBCDIC, ASCII
g. Application
1) Where communications originate
2) Initiates the request for network services
3) Provides services to applications
4) End system
5) User interface
6) Example application layer programs: email, file transfer
10. Origins of TCP/IP
a. The invention and evolution of the TCP/IP protocol - ARPAnet
b. U.S. Government
c. The DOD.
d. named the Internet, considered public domain.
11. Overview of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite
a. Four layers: Application, Transport, Internetwork, and Network
Interface. These layers correspond to the layers in the OSI
reference model.
b. Request for Comments (RFCs)
c. Compare the TCP/IP protocol suite to the OSI networking reference
model.
1) Application layer
2) Transport layer
3) Internetwork layer
4) Network Interface layer
12. Application Layer
a. The TCP/IP Application layer includes protocols for e-mail, remote
logins, file transfers, Web browsing, network management, and name
management.
1) FTP: " The File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
2) TFTP: " The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP).
3) NFS: " The Network File System (NFS)
4) SMTP: " The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
5) Telnet: " A telnet client can use this terminal emulation
protocol (telnet)
6) rlogin: " The remote login application (rlogin)
7) SNMP: " You can install the Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMP) on TCP/IP hosts, including routers and other devices
that support TCP/IP.
8) DNS: " The Domain Name System (DNS).
9) HTTP: " The World Wide Web uses the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP).
13. Transport Layer
a. Transport layer functions
b. TCPs network overhead
c. TCP reliability and the four steps of three-way handshake
d. Ports
1) port numbers for communications between hosts.
2) Well-Known Port Numbers
e. TCP Three-way Handshake and its four steps
14. Internetwork Layer
a. IP
b. ICMP.
c. ARP.
d. RARP.
15. Troubleshooting
a. PING
b. Traceroute
16. Network Interface Layer
a. The TCP/IP Network Interface-OSI Data Link and Physical layers
b. No specific IP functions exist at this layer
17. IP Addressing
a. compared to MAC addresses
b. what it identifies
18. IP Classes A-E - what they are assigned to and address details
19. Subnet Addressing
a. Subnet Address
b. Broadcast Address
20. Subdividing IP Classes
a. Reasons
b. Subnet Masking
c. Learning to Subnet
e. Subnetting Formulas
f. CIDR - Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) notation method