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Upon completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Apply an understanding of basic wastewater chemistry to wastewater treatment processes.
2. Demonstrate use and care of laboratory equipment.
3. Define and identify types of samples collected for wastewater laboratory.
4. Analyze and determine if proper levels of treatment, content of acidity/alkalinity, hardness and other water quality characteristics have been achieved for wastewater.
5. Perform tests including pH, dissolved oxygen, solids (settleable, suspended, total, volatile), sludge volume index, bio logical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand, alkalinity, hardness, turbidity, jar test, chlorine residual, total suspended solids, mixed liquor suspended solids, total coliform bacteria.
6. Apply laboratory safety techniques to the use of common laboratory equipment.
7. Describe the relevance of chemical tests to the operation of a wastewater treatment plant.
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I. Introduction
A. Laboratory Safety
B. Use of emergency equipment
C. Techniques for handling toxic or dangerous chemicals
D. Right-To-Know information: manufacturer's safety data sheets (MSDSs)
E. Care and use of analytical instrumentation
F. Reagent-grade chemicals and reagent-grade lab water
II. Review of Lab Terminology
A. Periodic table of elements
B. Definition of concentrations
C. Commonly used equipment (overview)
D. Quality assurance and quality control
E. Collection, preservation, and holding times for samples
F. Reporting of results (Method Detection Limits)
G. Significant figures
III. Physical Examination Tests
A. pH-related tests
1. pH: electrode and indicator methods
2. Acidity: hydroxide titration method
3. Alkalinity: acid titration method
B. General Physical
1. Color: Nessler comparison method
2. Odor: threshold odor number method
3. Turbidity: nephelometric method
C. Conductivity: specific at 25EC
D. Coagulation: jar test method
E. Corrosivity: saturation and langelier indices
F. Hardness: total and calcium EDTA titration methods
G. Tempurature: thermometric method
H. Solids (Residue) Methods
1. Total solids and percent solids: oven-dried at 104EC
2. Total dissovled solids (TDS): oven-dried and baked at 180EC
3. Total suspended solids (TSS): oven-dried at 104EC
4. Volative and fixed solids: charred at 550EC
5. Settleable solids: Imhoff cone method
IV. Inorganic Non-Metallic Constituents
A. Methods of analysis
1. Colorimetry: Beer-Lambert's Law
2. Titrations
3. Ion chromatography
4. Packaged test kits
B. Chlorine Residual
1. Free chlorine
2. Combined chlorine
3. Iodometric titration method
4. Amperometric titration method
C. Chloride: argentometric and mercuric nitrate methods
D. Bromide: ion chromatographic method
E. Sulfate: turbidimetric method
F. Cyanides: distillation/colorimetric method
G. Sulfides: methylene blue method
H. Dissolved oxygen: Winkler and electrode methods
J. Ozone: indigo standard method (ISE)
K. Nitrogen chemistry
1. Ammonia: distillation, then ISE, colorimetric, or titration methods
2. Nitrite: colorimetric method
3. Nitrate: cadmium reduction and ion chromatographic methods (ICP)
4. Organic nitrogen: Kjeldahl nitrogen method
L. Boron: curcumin or ICP methods
V. Inorganic Metallic Constituents
A. Toxic metals: cause and effect
B. Common inorganic metals in waters
C. Methods of analysis: choosing detection limits
1. ICP-AES
2. ICP-MS
3. Graphite furnace AAS
4. Flame AAS
5. Cold vapor AAS
6. Hydride-generation AAS
VI. Microbiological Examination
A. Water and wastewater regulations
B. Total and fecal coliform testing methods
1. MPN - multiple tube fermentation
2. Membrane filter
3. Presence - absence
C. Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) testing methods
1. Standard plate count
2. Research methods (R2A, NWRI, etc.)
VII. Aggregate Organic Constituents
A. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD): 5-Day test
B. Chemical oxygen demand (COD): closed reflux colorimetric methods
C. Total organic carbon (TOC): UV oxidation and combustion methods
D. Oil and grease: partition-gravimetric method
E. Phenols: colorimetric 4-AAP method
F. Surfactants: MBAS extraction method
VIII. Individual Organic Constituents
A. Constituents and EPA methods
1. Trihalomethanes (THMs)
2. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
3. Pesticides, herbicides
4. Disinfection by products (DBPs)
5. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
6. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
7. Dioxin
B. Special sampling protocols
C. Preparation and analytical methods
1. Purge and trap preparation method
2. Liquid-liquid extraction preparation method
3. Gas chromatography (GC)
4. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
5. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)
IX. Fish Toxicity and Related Bioassays
A. Acute toxicity
B. Chronic toxicity
C. Other bioassays
X. Sludge Analyses
A. Mean cell residence time (MCRT): calculation
B. Sludge settleables: cylinder method
C. Sludge volume index (SVI): calculation
D. Food to microorganism ratio (F/M ratio): calculation
E. Volatile acidity of digester sludge: distillation method
F. Alkalinity of digester sludge: acid titration method
G. PH of digester sludge: electrode method
H. Microbiological count of activated sludge: microscope counting method