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At the conclusion of this course, the student should be able to:
1. Define major concepts in the psychological study of prejudice and discrimination.
2. Identify major methods used to study prejudice and discrimination in psychology.
3. Understand the factors that contribute to stereotype formation.
4. Examine the factors that contribute to stereotype activation and application.
5. Analyze how individual differences in values and social ideologies contribute to prejudice and discrimination.
6. Evaluate how prejudice develops in children.
7. Define different types of discrimination.
8. Recognize patterns of discrimination and the consequences experienced by specific racial groups.
9. Recognize patterns of discrimination and the consequences experienced by specific groups based on biological sex, gender, sexual orientation, age, ability, economic class, and visibility of group membership.
10. Examine individual and group interventions that may reduce prejudice and discrimination.
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I. Introduction of Concepts
A. Understand social categorization
B. Distinguish between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination
C. Understand privilege, intersectionality
II. Research Methods
A. Surveys, observations, correlational studies, experiments
B. Deception
C. Measuring attitudes
D. Neuroscience
E. Sampling and biased samples
F. Reflection on the structural racism in psychology
III. Stereotype Formation
A. Social categories
B. Ingroups and outgroups
C. Minimal group paradigm
D. Social role theory
E. Reinforcing stereotypes
IV. Stereotype Activation and Application
A. Difference between activation and application
B. Factors that influence stereotype activation
C. Factors that influence stereotype application
D. Examples of bias
E. Impacts of bias
V. Individual Differences in Prejudice
A. Individualism and egalitarianism
B. Authoritarianism and social dominance orientation
C. Links between values and ideologies and prejudice
VI. Development of Prejudice in Children
A. Awareness of social categories by age
B. The doll test
C. Trajectory of development of prejudice among minority and majority group children
D. Stereotype development by age
E. Theories to explain the development of prejudice
F. Influence of family, peers, and media
G. Strategies for reducing prejudice in children
VII. Types of Discrimination
A. Blatant and subtle discrimination
B. Hate crimes
C. Microaggressions
D. Institutional discrimination
E. Stereotype fit and stereotype threat
VIII. Patterns and Costs of Racial Discrimination
A. African Americans
B. Latinx Americans
C. Native Americans
D. Asian Americans
E. Pacific Islander Americans
F. Historical context
G. Explore specific stereotypes for each racial group
H. Policing
I. Minority stress model
J. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) by race
K. Impacts on self-esteem, mental health, physical health
L. Colorism
M. Theory of Invisibility
N. Pan-Indianism
IX. Patterns and Costs of Discrimination Based on Biological Sex, Gender, Sexual Orientation, Age, Ability, Economic Class, Appearance, and Religion
A. Common stereotypes and resulting forms of prejudice and discrimination
B. Gender belief systems
C. Gender polarization
D. Role congruity theory
E. Factors that predict attitudes towards people in these categories
F. Factors that predict prejudice and discrimination against people with disabilities
X. Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination
A. Intergroup contact theory
B. Extended contact, imagined contact, and media/parasocial contact hypotheses
C. Institutional focus on behavior instead of thoughts to reduce discrimination
D. Stereotype suppression
E. Self-regulation model
F. Allyship
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The Meaning of Difference: American Constructions of Race, Sex and Gender, Social Class, Sexual Orientation, and Disability. 7th ed. Rosenblum, Karen and Travis, Toni-Michelle. McGraw Hill. 2015 (classic).
The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination. 4th ed. Whitley Jr., Bernard, Kite, Mary, and Wagner, Lisa S. Routledge. 2022.
Race, Class, and Gender in the United States: An Integrated Study. 11th ed. Rothenberg, Paula S. and Accomando, Christina Hsu. Worth Publishers. 2019.
Biased: Uncovering the Hidden Prejudice That Shapes What We See, Think, and Do. Eberhardt, Jennifer. Penguin Books. 2019.
My Grandmother's Hands: Racialized Trauma and the Pathway to Mending Our Hearts and Bodies. Menakem, Resmaa. Central Recovery Press. 2017 (classic).
Nice Racism: How Progressive White People Perpetuate Racial Harm. DiAngelo, Robin. Beacon Press. 2021.
Other Materials:
Roberts, S. et al. (2020). Racial inequality in psychological research: Trends of the past and recommendations for the future. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(6), 1295-1309.
Rizzo, M. et al. (2022). Developmental origins of anti-Black bias in White children in the United States: Exposure to and beliefs about racial inequality. PNAS, 119(47), 1-8.
Roberts, S. & Rizzo, M. (2020). The psychology of American racism. American Psychologist, 76(3), 475-487.
Goff, P. et al. (2014). The essence of innocence: Consequences of dehumanizing Black children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(4), 526-545.
Gomez-Aguinaga, B., et al. (2021). Immigration and gender as social determinants of mental health during the COVID-19 outbreak: The case of US Latina/os. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18.
Davis-Delano, L., et al. (2020). The psychosocial effects of Native American mascots: a comprehensive review of empirical research findings. Race, Ethnicity, and Education.
Cheryan, S. & Bodenhausen, G. (2000). When positive stereotypes threaten intellectual performance: The psychological hazards of "Model Minority" status. Psychological Science, 11(5), 399-402.
Alang, S., et al. (2021). Police encounters as stressors: Associations with depression and anxiety across race. Socius: Sociological research for a dynamic world.
Mullainathan, S. & Shafir, E. (2014). Freeing up intelligence. Scientific American Mind, January/February, 58-63.
